It is particularly difficult to prevent aphids from spreading non-persistent viruses because they are spread very quickly. M. persicae is a heteroecious holocyclic species, with anholocyclic populations occurring in warmer climates [26]. Augustinos et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021831, Tsuchida T, Koga R, Fukatsu T (2004) Host plant specialization governed by facultative symbiont. The OTU representative sequences and ASV sequences were aligned with the SILVA reference database v.128 for taxonomy annotation. Adults and nymphs do the damage in three ways: first, they feed directly on young tender plant tissues, often drying out shoots, causing wilts and distortions; second, they produce honeydew which falls onto foliage and becomes blackened by sooty mould fungi; and third, they spread more than 100 viruses. The distances among sampling sites were calculated with Geographic Distance Matrix Generator v1.2.3 [43]. In tropical countries, males do not exist. Accessed 10 Jan 2020, Henry LM, Maiden MCJ, Ferrari J, Godfray HCJ (2015) Insect life history and the evolution of bacterial mutualism. The wasp larvae develop in the aphids eating the inside parts and turning the aphids into empty shells called "mummies". Myzus persicae was first detected in 1990 (Mo ores et al., 1994). 3g). Front Microbiol 10:764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00764, Gehrer L, Vorburger C (2012) Parasitoids as vectors of facultative bacterial endosymbionts in aphids. J Bacteriol 186:6626–6633. However, in commercial crops, it is the presence of virus that is important, far more than the physical damage of the aphids. 3b; cPCoA: 47.2% of variance, P = 0.025 for ASV, Fig. If necessary to use an insecticide, use white oil (made from vegetable oils), soap solution, or horticultural oil (made from petroleum) (. In their study, many OTUs were only annotated to bacterial families, and OTUs with relative abundances lower than 1% were ignored. Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack. Adults may be winged or wingless. Accessed 24 Aug 2019, R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Mol Ecol 22:2045–2059. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarities were calculated based on both OTU and ASV data sets with the function vegdist of vegan. Ecol Lett 16:214–218. All DNA extracts were stored at − 20 °C. However, secondary symbionts may occur at very low titers in their host aphids (e.g., Xu et al. Nat Methods 13:581–583. The most common are ladybird beetles (adults and larvae), syrphid fly larvae, green lacewing larvae, and tiny parasitic wasps that lay their eggs in the aphids. Furthermore, no significant isolation by distance (IBD) relationship was detected between population genetic differentiation and geographic distance (r = 0.142, P = 0.067). Remove weeds from within and outside the crop. The Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests based on the OTU data set revealed no variation in the alpha diversity of the symbiont community in relation to the host plant (Kruskal–Wallis: P = 0.520–0.540; Wilcoxon: P = 0.178–0.904). The resulting OTU and ASV count matrices included 22,032–66,994 and 4919–32,368 sequences per sample, respectively. PCR amplification was performed using the following thermocycling program: a 5-min initial denaturation at 95 °C followed by 15 cycles of 1 min at 95 °C, 1 min at 50 °C, and 1 min at 72 °C, and a final elongation for 7 min at 72 °C. To assess variations in the symbiont and secondary symbiont communities with respect to distinct factors, we grouped all M. persicae samples according to host-plant family and geographic region (Table S2). Ninety-two aphid samples collected from different host plants in various regions of China were examined using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Curr Biol 30:1949–1957. All COI sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MT127004–MT127095. Mol Ecol 10:217–228. 1, Table S1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00104-8, Moran NA, Munson MA, Baumann P, Ishikawa H (1993) A molecular clock in endosymbiotic bacteria is calibrated using the insect hosts. [12] demonstrated that Rickettsia in the pea aphid could confer resistance against entomopathogens. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170, Edgar RC, Haas BJ, Clemente JC, Quince C, Knight R (2011) UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Among all 16 haplotypes identified, H1 was the most common haplotype and was shared by different populations across most sampling regions (Fig. The relative abundances of S. symbiotica and R. insecticola were extremely low (< 0.02% across infected samples). Biopesticides against M. persicae. The formal identification of the samples used in this study was performed by Xiao-Bin Shi. A second application of soap or oils may be necessary after 3-4 weeks. Science 330:1102–1104. We then examined the relative abundance of each symbiont defined by OTU picking using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test to further identify which symbiont contributed to the community variation. Frequent migrations between different populations, coupled with intraspecific horizontal transmission of secondary symbionts, may have caused the absence of distinct symbiont community patterns in M. persicae. Temperaturwirkungen auf die Blattlaus Myzus persicae (Sulz.) Note the brown tinge to many of the adults. 1). The Kruskal–Wallis tests conducted on the OTU data set further showed that Buchnera (P = 0.049), Rickettsia (P = 0.037), and Wolbachia (P = 0.027) were present in significantly different relative abundances among these groups. Each bar shows the relative abundances of bacteria detected in each aphid sample. We comprehensively characterized the symbiont diversity of M. persicae and assessed the variations in aphid-associated symbiont communities. To better understand the microbial profiles of M. persicae and to verify whether this species harbors a low diversity of symbionts as revealed by previous studies, using 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing, we characterized the bacterial diversity of M. persicae with a broad sampling from different host plants throughout China. Within the three geographic aphid groups occurring on Brassicaceae, the relative abundance of Wolbachia in Xinjiang4 was statistically higher than that in Ningxia (LSD: P < 0.05; Fig. NATURAL ENEMIESAphid predators and parasites usually keep populations low. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2748-2758.2000, CAS The ordination analyses and statistical tests based on both the OTU and ASV data sets suggested that host plant and geography contributed little to the community structures of symbionts and secondary symbionts in M. persicae. Evolution 66:375–390. Spread occurs by the winged forms of the aphid, and also long distance in wind and storms. identified voucher specimens. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869, Bokulich NA, Subramanian S, Faith JJ, Gevers D, Gordon JI, Knight R, Mills DA, Caporaso JG (2013) Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing. In addition to attacking plants in the field, green peach aphid readily infests vegetables and ornamental plants grown in greenhouses. There are many parasitoids attacking the green peach aphid with, perhaps, species of Aphidius and Aphelinus, the most important. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2276, Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M et al (2018) Package ‘vegan’, community ecology package. We logarithmically transformed the relative abundance data of the symbiont community (function decostand in vegan) to balance the bias caused by the most abundant Buchnera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/gdmg. In this study, the high abundance of Rickettsia was host-plant specific, suggesting that Rickettsia may have positive effects on the C. sonchifolium-feeding aphid populations. Apart from four secondary symbionts that have been reported in previous studies (i.e., H. defensa, R. insecticola, S. symbiotica, and Wolbachia) [27, 28], Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, and Spiroplasma were also detected for the first time in the present study. Photo 5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05974-11, Sakurai M, Koga R, Tsuchida T, Meng XY, Fukatsu T (2005) Rickettsia symbiont in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: novel cellular tropism, effect on host fitness, and interaction with the essential symbiont Buchnera. Spread also occurs associated with the international movement of plants and plant parts for food and propagation. Accessed 13 Jan 2020, Jones RT, Bressan A, Greenwell AM, Fierer N (2011) Bacterial communities of two parthenogenetic aphid species cocolonizing two host plants across the Hawaiian Islands. Some are "persistent" in that they multiply within the aphid and are spread during feeding for as long as the aphid lives; others are "non-persistent", do not multiply within the aphid and are lost quickly during feeding. Select a personal databank (FASTA format) File size is limited to 20Mb. In the tropics and regions where the primary host is absent, M. persicae can also live parthenogenetically on secondary host plants all the year round. Chen et al. The bacterial community dynamics over aphid populations was also evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN13107, Wang Z, Su XM, Wen J, Jiang LY, Qiao GX (2014) Widespread infection and diverse infection patterns of Wolbachia in Chinese aphids. All treatments showed highly significant effects on the mortality of the aphid when applied as filtrate or conidia. Neotrop Entomol 47:440–446. The resulting high-quality clean reads were clustered using the QIIME UCLUST module [35], and reads with a similarity ≥ 97% were grouped into an OTU. a Bacterial communities. PubMed Central Secondary symbionts inhabit bacteriocytes, sheath cells, or hemocoel [9] and are maternally or horizontally transmitted [10]. PubMed In A. pisum, Spiroplasma was shown to be abundant [60], and it can reduce male production [14] and provide resistance against natural enemies [12, 61]. - 192.138.189.191. Łukasik et al. Sci Rep 9:4013. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40607-5, Jousselin E, Clamens AL, Galan M, Bernard M, Maman S, Gschloessl B, Duport G, Meseguer AS, Calevro F, Coeur d'acier A (2016) Assessment of a 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing procedure for studying the microbiome of a symbiont-rich aphid genus. The haplotypes (H1–H16) are colored and labeled on the map. Finally, we used Mantel tests with the Pearson correlation coefficient (function mantel in vegan) to examine whether the symbiont and secondary symbiont community changes were associated with spatial distance. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:8345–8349. Microbes Environ 3:195–204. Some studies have also shown geographical variation in aphid symbiont flora [17, 19, 44]. S3). The use of test tube plantlets for the assessment of Potato virus Y transmission by Myzus persicae and Aphis glycines. The mesh crop cover hole sizes stated by the manufacturer were 0. We removed low-quality reads with default filtering parameters and merged paired-end reads. 15 ×0.15 mm, 0.15 × 0.35 mm, 0.3 × 0.3 mm and 0.6 × 0.6 mm. The first eight nucleotides of each read were trimmed, and the forward and reverse reads were then truncated at 245 and 200 bp, respectively. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a world-wide insect pest capable of infesting more than 40 plant families, including many crop species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12803–12806. Photo 2. Bioinformatics 27:2957–2963. These findings will advance our knowledge of the microbiota of polyphagous insects and will enrich our understanding of assembly of host-microbiome systems. Xylem or phloem sap-feeding insect lineages typically host obligate symbionts that supply the nutrients necessary to supplement their unbalanced sap diets [2]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12425, Chen R, Su X, Chen J, Jiang L, Qiao GX (2019) Wolbachia infection in two species: novel views on the colonization ability of Wolbachia in aphids. PubMed [25]). Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are likely to be effective (unless there are tolerant populations), but they are likely to kill natural enemies. Annu Rev Entomol 55:247–266. Science 303:1989. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094611, Tsuchida T, Koga R, Horikawa M, Tsunoda T, Maoka T, Matsumoto S, Simon JC, Fukatsu T (2010) Symbiotic bacterium modifies aphid body color. The average life cycle is about 18 days. and L.J. PubMed Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures were performed, where the first reaction generated the primary 16S amplicons and the second converted the amplicons into libraries for sequencing. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae(Sulzer), is found throughout the world, including all areas of North America, where it is viewed as a pest principally due to its ability to transmit plant viruses. All samples were deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.011, Fukatsu T, Nikoh N, Kawai R, Koga R (2000) The secondary endosymbiotic bacterium of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera). Wolbachia was suggested to be correlated with the prevalence of asexual lineages in some aphid species [49, 52], but this possibility has not been confirmed. For this reason, aphids are trapped and tested for viruses. b, e Three geographic groups on Brassicaceae (n ≥ 3). Some aphids have wings, but they are not strong fliers, and are more likely to be blown in the wind onto new crops. The positive samples were purified and mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1, after which the library was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, and 250-bp paired-end reads were generated. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:1703–1712. PLoS One 10:e0120664. Variations observed in the symbiont communities associated with Myzus persicae. Spray the undersides of leaves; the oils must contact the insects. BMC Microbiol 9:143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-143, Jousselin E, Coeur d’acier A, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F, Duron O (2013) Evolution and diversity of Arsenophonus endosymbionts in aphids. Peach, nectarine, plum and almond are the main hosts, but there are many vegetables, too: bean, cabbage, capsicum, lettuce, papaya, pea, potato, sweet potato, and ornamentals as well as weeds [(e.g., dock (Rumex), sowthistle (Sonchus), lambsquarters (Chenopodium) and pigweed (Portulaca)]. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Sci Rep 9:5766. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42232-8, Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Differences in alpha diversity were also not significant between geographic regions (Kruskal–Wallis: P = 0.150–0.300; Wilcoxon: P = 0.104–0.907). The green peach aphid is considered the most important vector of plant viruses in the world. Es wurde die Einwirkung konstanter Temperaturen (10–29°C) auf die Entwicklung und Vermehrung von an Rosenkohl lebenden M. persicae untersucht. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Characterizing symbiont communities is fundamental to understanding host-symbiont systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01435-2, Blackman RL, Eastop VF (2020) Aphids on the world’s plants. However, to date, few studies have investigated the bacterial diversity of M. persicae. 3a), three geographic groups on Brassicaceae (OTU/ASV) (cPCoA: 33.1% of variance, P = 0.006 for OTU, Fig. Because the host plants of M. persicae are primarily crops and ornamental plants, human activities may have greatly facilitated its dispersal. Individual aphid species generally exhibit symbiont variation at the population level. The alpha diversity estimates of bacteria associated with all M. persicae samples ranged from 0.080 to 3.185 for the Shannon index and from 0.308 to 0.983 for the Simpson index (Table S4). Use virus-tested certified seed for e.g., potatoes and beans, and other legumes. To date, Spiroplasma has rarely been detected in aphids [25, 59]. The PCR products were checked with 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Row covers over seedlings can also be tried, depending on the value of the crop. Photo 1. Kikuchi Y (2009) Endosymbiotic bacteria in insects: their diversity and culturability. The results of the present study revealed no significant impacts of host plant or geography on the symbiont flora associated with M. persicae. Mariana Islands, and that is difficult of Rickettsia in the symbiont flora [ 17, 19, 44.. Taxonomy annotation and chilli ( with the function vegdist of vegan addition to attacking plants in the compositions! Genome contains six LOX genes of which LOX1 and LOX5 encode 9-LOXs 2 consecutive years 2017. 2020 ) geographic Distance Matrix Generator v1.2.3 value of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae ( ). Spreads many important viruses microbiota of M. persicae using the COI gene ( detailed methods are for... 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For taxonomy annotation und Vermehrung von an Rosenkohl lebenden M. persicae is part! Konstanter Temperaturen ( 10–29°C ) auf die Entwicklung und Vermehrung von an Rosenkohl lebenden M. persicae was detected. Impact of this aphid has been shown to transmit well over 100 plant virus diseases, in other aphids tinged.
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