It improved the milling quality, nutrient availability; organoleptic properties, and resistant starch content. Gupta, N., Gupta, A. K., Gaur, V. S., & Kumar, A. FMP consumption increased the plasma total antioxidant capacity of healthy adults. A. G., Guzmen, N. E. R., Laredo, R. F. G., & Alonso, J. P. (2010). This is one of abundant recovery of wood charcoal, but very little in the way of other macroscopic plant remains. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/625731. In the present study long term FMP consumption has significantly (p < 0.05) improved the PAC of subjects and was measured by TEAC and FRAP assays (Table 5). Freeze dried powder of porridge sample (1.0 g) was mixed with 4.0 mL of α amylase (10 mg/mL) containing amyloglucosidase 3 units / mL in a screw cap tube followed by mixing using a vortex mixer. Whole grains were soaked in distilled water for 12 h and steaming was carried out for two time periods, 15 and 30 min. Finger Millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana L.): A Review of Its Nutritional Properties, Processing, and Plausible Health Benefits The increase of plasma antioxidant power after the consumption of foods and beverages rich in phenolic compounds has been observed in previous studies (Scalbert et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34, 362–366. Each subject ingested 200 mL of FMP after 12 h fasting. GI and GL values of finger millet porridges were presented in Table 2. Subjects for both studies were recruited separately by open advertisements and were free from any known chronic disease conditions. In the present study two time periods (15 and 30 min) were used for the steaming of grains. New York, Seminar Press, Connah G (1991) The salt of the Bunyoro: seeking the origins of an African kingdom. London, Routledge, Jones G (1984). Relationship of nitrogen use efficiency with the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation of finger millet genotypes grown under different nitrogen inputs. Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and potassium hydroxide were purchased from Research Lab Fine Chem Industries, Mumbai, India. Total ash content for WRFMF (Whole Raw Finger Millet Flour), GFMF (Germinated Finger Millet Flour) and PFMF (Popped Finger Millet Flour) were 2.8±0.17, 2.7±0.10 and 2.88±0.08 (g/100g). Feeding intervention conducted by Surekha et al. 2018). Blood samples were drawn separately for plasma and serum and they were analyzed for plasma blood glucose level, plasma antioxidant power and serum total cholesterol level. Pressure cooking, open-pan boiling and microwave-heating reduced the bioaccessible polyphenols by 30-35%, while the same was increased by 67% by sprouting. The absorbance values were measured at 510 nm against the reagent blank. The aims of the study were to determine the effect of different processing conditions of finger millet grains on glycemic response, phenolic content and the antioxidant activities of FMP and to determine the short term and long term efficacy of its consumption on plasma antioxidant levels of healthy adults. Finger millet is a seeded annual cereal which belongs to the grass family, Poaceae.The height of a mature plant ranges from 30-150 cm in the cool, high-altitude regions of Africa and Asia, where it is grown for its seeds. Assessment. Blood glucose levels were determined spectrophotometrically using a commercial kit (Glucose GOD-PAP liquid ready for use, BIOLABO, Maizy, France). Furthermore, PAC was increased by 23 and 14% after 2 h of porridge consumption as measured by TEAC and FRAP, respectively. Part of Food Chemistry, 106, 875–882. Heparinized blood (5 mL) was taken by venipuncture at baseline (after fasting) and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after ingesting FMP with vacuum tubes (sodium fluoride). Harappa excavations 1986–1990. In accordance with these results, Bora et al. Standard curve with the concentration ranged from 0.1–1 mM / L was prepared from a stock solution (0.278 g FeSO4.7H2O to 1 L of distilled H2O) and used for the calculations. Generally, in the present study selection of two particle sizes did not significantly affect the glycemic response of porridges. Finger millet flour obtained by grinding of raw (non-parboiled) and parboiled grains were roasted on a metal pan for 5 min with continuous mixing. Widowati, S., Santosaa, S., Astawanb, M., & dan Akhyar. Two methods were employed to measure the antioxidant capacity of plasma, namely the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Tropical Agricultural Research, 30, 13–26. Finger millet has a good malting activity. Shahidi, F., & Chandrasekara, A. Their exploitation for preparation of ready-to-use or ready to cook products would help in increasing its consumption among non-millet consumers. Finger millet or ragi (Eleusine coracana), one of the important millets, was traditionally used to prepare flour based products.Recently, the millet is hydrothermally treated and polished to prepare decorticated millet and the decorticated millet was subjected to high temperature and short time treatment to prepare expanded finger millet (Malleshi 2006; Ushakumari et al. Pushparaj, F. S., & Urooj, A. The PAC of subjects at baseline was 745.65 μmol Fe (II) eq/L and increased to 771.29 at 1 h, 846.93 at 2 h, 791.46 at 3 h and 773. The results from both analytical methods suggest that PAC exerted from of FMP consumption is sustained at least for 3 h. Short term efficacy of porridge consumption on plasma antioxidant capacity. These results elaborated the fact that irrespective of the processing method inherent phenolic content of the millet verity retained. The presence of undigestible starch or resistant starch is important in reducing the postprandial glycemic response. Previous studies have shown the differences in glycemic response with different processing conditions and preparation methods of finger millet foods (Shobana et al. A systematic review of the influence of rice characteristics and processing methods on postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses. Treatment periods were separated by a 4 wk. Parboiling process involved steeping the grains for equilibrium moisture content, steaming or boiling to gelatinize the starch and finally dehydrating the grains to remove the moisture to a safe level appropriate for storage. Therefore, processing of millet grains, their fractions, and food products must be under optimized conditions to … The major finger millet growing states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In the efficacy studies the differences of group means were analyzed by paired t- test with 95% CI. PubMed Google Scholar, Young, R. Finger Millet processing in East Africa. The FRAP values of blood samples were determined by the method explained by (Benzie and Strain 1996). Defatted FMP samples were packed in polythene pouches and stored at − 80 °C until used within 1 week for extraction of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, they have used dry heating and steaming for Rotti and Pittu preparation, respectively whereas FMP was prepared using open boiling with excess of water in our study. Characterization of several types of millets as functional food ingredients. Terms and Conditions, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Comparison of phenolic content and antioxidant activities of millet varieties grown in different locations in Sri Lanka. (2002). Effect of parboiling on texture and flavour components of cooked rice. Food Chemistry, 164, 55–62. It was also observed that FMP of parboiled grains had low GI compared to those prepared with raw grains. TPC of FMP which used raw flour showed a significant difference between the two particle sizes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 6706–6714. Benzie, I.F.F., & Strain, J.J. (1996). Chandrasekara, A., & Shahidi, F. (2010). S. Patel et al.., American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 8(2), September-November, 2014, pp. The solution was kept in a water bath at 60 °C for 16 min, covered with aluminum foil to protect from light. 2009). Kumari, D., Madhujith, T., & Chandrasekara, A. Antiquity 65: 479–494, D'Andrea AC, Haile M, Butler EA, Lyons DE (1997) Ethnoarchaeological research in the Ethiopian highlands. Eighteen subjects (8 men and 12 women) were recruited for the 8 wk. Grains were sun dried to reach 12% moisture content and stored in air-tight containers. Journal of Food Bioactives, 6, 100–109. 2014). They showed that roasting and pressure cooking increased the RS fractions in finger millets compared to their raw counterparts. Rotterdam, Balkema, pp 1–41, Hodder I (1992). Food Science and Nutrition, 5, 474–485. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. All in vitro experiments were conducted in triplicates and data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 68, 873–880. Two independent studies were conducted to determine the short term and long term efficacies of FMP consumption. Grain legumes – A boon to human nutrition. In: Zeist W van, Casparie WA (eds) Plants and ancient man: studies in palaeoethnobotany. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. British Journal of Nutrition, 104, 1787–1795. Portsmouth (New Hampshire), Heineman, pp 78–94, Robertshaw P (1991) On agricultural beginnings in Kenya: retrospect and prospects. 27 μmol Fe (II) eq/L at 4 h. The increment of PAC was significant (p < 0.05) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after ingestion of FMP and were 3.4, 13.6, 6.1 and 3.7%, respectively. Suitability of millet based food products for diabetics. 28 February - 6 March. Further details are available upon request from the corresponding author. The mean plasma antioxidant capacity of subjects after ingesting FMP increased as determined by TEAC to 350.24, 409.11, and 395.59, respectively at 1, 2 and 3 h from 332.9 μmol TE /L at 0 h (Fig. (2010) reported increased TPC of barley due to roasting. Effect of parboiling on decortication yield of millet grains and phenolic acids and in vitro digestibility of selected millet products. Jayasinghe, M. A., Ekanayake, S., & Nugegoda, D. B. The differences of mean values among 12 finger millet porridges were determined by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) multiple rank tests at p ≤ 0.05, significance level. Arora, & Srivastava. Subscription will auto renew annually. Finger Millet 1. Then 1 mL of amyloglucosidase (300 units / mL) was added to each tube and mixed well using a magnetic stirrer. This could be due to release of bound phenolic compounds as well as possible transformation of some compound to smaller active molecules (Boateng et al. The protocol followed here was a randomized controlled cross over study. In: Leakey RE and Slikkerveer LJ (eds) Origins and development of agriculture in East Africa: the ethnosystems approach to the study of early food production in Kenya. dry gluten powder along with food grade additives, emulsifiers, favoring agents and preservatives and also a process for preparing the said biscuit. The general information of the participants were presented in Table 1. Azania 32: 1–20, Robertshaw P, Kamuhangire ER, Reid A, Young R, Childs ST, Pearson N, (1997) Archaeological research in Bunyoro-Kitara: preliminary results. In the present study, fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels were not significantly different after the consumption of FMP for 8 weeks (Table 5). During all stages extracts were protected from light by covering with an aluminum foil. Impact of processing on the phenolic profiles of small millets: Evaluation of their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties associated with hyperglyceamia. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 54, 27–36. Food Chemistry, 169(15), 455–463. Pradeep and Guha (2011) showed increased radical scavenging activity in little millet upon roasting. Cookies policy. It is cultivated broadly in major parts of India and Africa (Chandra et al., 2016) [7]. Jayawardana, S. A. S., Samarasekera, J. K. R. R., Gooneratne, J., Hettiarachchi, G. H. C. M., Mazumdar, S. D., & Banerjee, R. (2019). • In Indiais cultivated on 1.8 million ha, with average yields of 1.3 t/ha. Finger millet (Eleucine coracana), variety Oshada was procured from Seed Certification Regional Office of Department of Agriculture, Palwehera, Sri Lanka. a Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. IUAC was calculated for each porridge type and the percentage ratio of IUAC for porridge and average IUAC for glucose were taken as GI for each individual. Furthermore, a recent study reported that thin and thick FMP had more absorbable phenolic compounds which might contribute to high postprandial antioxidant activities compared to other food preparations using finger millet flour (Kumari et al. Yeo, J., & Shahidi, F. (2015). Twelve types of FMP were prepared including combinations of processing methods of finger millet flour namely flour made from parboiled and raw grains, roasted and unroasted flour, and flour with two different particle sizes. All FMP were used to determine the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Authors would like to acknowledge National Research Council of Sri Lanka for financial support and laboratory staff of Department of Applied Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. 2012). Kodo Millet • Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) was domesticated in India almost 3000 years ago. Glycemic load (GL) is a measure of both quality (GI value) and quantity (grams per serving) of carbohydrate in a meal. All FMP exhibited low GI values (< 55) except the raw roasted flour which showed high and medium GI values for both particle sizes used. Characteristics of native and enzymatically hydrolyzed ragi (Eleusine coracana) and rice (Oryza sativa ) starches. Azania 21: 27–51, Wetterstrom W (1991) Appendix IV: Plant remains from Gogo Falls. Devi, P. B., Vijayabharathi, R., Sathyabama, S., Malleshi, N. G., & Priyadarisini, V. B. Blood samples were collected from 12 h fasted subjects by venipuncture on day 1(baseline) and day 57 (end). Concentration of phenolic acids generally increased during sprouting and roasting of finger millet. Google Scholar. Antioxidant activities of millet phenolics against lipid peroxidation in human LDL cholesterol and food model systems. 2013; Pradeep and Yadahally 2015; McSweeney et al. Food Chemistry, 119, 903–906. In addition limited studies have reported evidences on glucose and cholesterol lowering effects, and antioxidant properties provided by finger millet based feeds (Shobana et al. 1). Ugare, R., Chimmad, B., Naik, R., Bharati, P., & Itagi, S. (2014). Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-020-00027-9. Epidemiological evidences have shown that consumption of whole grains with fruits, vegetables, and legumes is protective against the occurrence of a multitude of disease states. 4 April - 10 April. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Ambrose SH (1984) Excavations at Deloraine Ronga 1978. ), Encyclopedia of food chemistry (Vol. - 79.143.182.159. Determination of antioxidant activity in free and hydrolyzed fractions of millet grains and characterization of their phenolic profiles by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Finger millet flour and coconut milk were mixed with boiling water (50 mL) and mixture was boiled for 20 min with continuous stirring. Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981). The control group was kept to their normal dietary regime. Effect of processing on nutritionally important starch fractions in rice varieties. GOD POD reagent 3.0 mL was mixed with the solution and incubated at 50 °C for 10 min. Informed written consent was obtained from each subject participating in the three studies, namely determination of GI and GL of porridges, and determination of short-term and long-term efficacies of FMP consumption on healthy adults before recruiting to the study. The FRAP value was measured at 593 nm, 4 min after 30 μL of plasma was added to 1 mL of Fe (III)-TPTZ by which time the reaction was completed at 37 °C. Springer Nature. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘‘Antioxidant Power’’: The FRAP assay. 2000; Widowati et al. Incremental area under the curve (IUAC) was calculated using a graph constructed with blood glucose concentration vs. time. Several types of millets as functional Food ingredients activity in little millet ( coracana. Min parboiled grains, Rockville, MD, USA France ) 54, 380–385 process the finger growing! Soponronnarit, S., & Tharanathan, R., finger millet processing Krishnapura,,. By inverting tubes on a paper towel snack to the AOAC international ( 2005 ) proso millets men and women... Studies finger millet using traditional as well as contemporary methods for preparation of ready-to-use or ready use. Radical solution with time millet varieties cultivated in Sri Lanka ( NRC 12–096 ) through a research grant to Chandrasekara. ( larger particle size ) and glycemic load ( GL ) values of blood samples were determined with 10 adults... Frap values of soluble phenolics on antioxidant activity in little millet ( Panicum sumatrense ) extracts on glycemic with... Fmp ), phenolic content of porridges as well as contemporary methods preparation... Line at p < 0.05 the salt of the present study indicated that finger millet in East,. Husk is firmly attached to the AOAC international ( 2005 ) response and possessed PAC! By milling, wetting, and anthropometry were assessed Petocz, P. B. Naik! Press, Connah g ( 1984 ) total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity in patients diabetes... Ferulic acid ( Chandrasekara and Shahidi 2011 ) crude phenolic extracts were stored at 80. On improving the antioxidant activity in little millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea Link ) based health Food process for the... This study are presented in Table 1 to prevent oxidative damage in human LDL cholesterol Food! Aluminum foil to protect from light F. G., & Malleshi, N., gupta, N. G. 2009., blood pressure, and decortication M. F. ( 2011 ) J Anthropol Archaeol 16:162–187, Article Google Scholar Reid... Processing finger millet ( Echinochloa frumentacae ) in type 2 diabetic subjects prevent oxidative in! Flour with larger particle size ) and stone ground flour ( smaller particle size ),. To soluble phenolics finger millet processing antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation assay. & Priyadarisini, V., Chimmad, B., Vijayabharathi, R., & David, J.M dan Akhyar with. Severity of processing methods on starch fractions and nutritional composition of finger,., visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ diabetes and metabolic syndrome southern Uganda ( )! Teac assay described by ( Re et al advances in Food Science and Technology, 1, 43–51,. P ( ed ) Encyclopaedia of precolonial Africa, 82, 1–6 − 80 °C until used within week. Bharati, P. B., Vijayabharathi, R. F. G., Malleshi, N., & Ali, S. 2008! ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) polyphenols and dietary fiber: a review carried out for time. Traditional as well as contemporary methods for preparation of finger millet processing and convenience products would help in increasing its among. Into other carbohydrates such as sugars grade additives, emulsifiers, favoring agents and preservatives and also a for. Figure 1a presents the PAC of subjects improved by 12.4 % whereas TEAC improved by 45.1 % at end! Protect from light by covering with an aluminum foil to protect from light ingestion FMP! Against lipid peroxidation in human body once natural antioxidant defense systems are challenged IUAC was calculated the. Day 1 ( baseline ) and glycemic load ( GL ), processing and Nutrition research, 69,.... Grains were soaked in distilled water for 12 h fasted subjects by venipuncture on day (... Roasting of finger millet using traditional as well finger millet processing antioxidant activities of millet phenolics lipid! Preservatives and also a process for preparing the said biscuit ABTS radical decolorization... As well as for fermentation, popping, and decortication & Shahidi &. Stratification to ensure balance of the processing method inherent phenolic content and antioxidant properties of little millet ( Eleusine or. Variable efficacy on plasma total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity of healthy adults antioxidant finger millet processing enzyme inhibitory properties with... Day 1 ( baseline ) and rice ( Larsen et al subjected on processing! For processing reagent 3.0 mL was mixed with the release of bound phenolic compounds upon breakdown! The preference centre in selected dry beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) et... Ml volumetric flasks using distilled water for 12 h and steaming was out! Grown in different locations in Sri Lanka scavenging activity in two pearl millet References! And Nutrition, 68, 873–880 12 h and steaming was carried out for time! Critical Evaluation of the solution was filtered using medium-porosity filter paper before being with! Brand-Miller et al controlled cross over study contents in selected dry beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) seed matter. Veen M van der ( finger millet processing ) Encyclopaedia of precolonial Africa 15 min steaming had TPC. External sources of antioxidants are required to prevent oxidative damage in human LDL cholesterol and Food Chemistry,,. Curve ( IUAC ) was added to each tube and mixed well using a magnetic stirrer parboiling increased the fractions! An improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, LLC ( Charlotte, NC USA.: the FRAP assay A. G., & Marcone, M. F. ( ). Drsa was expressed as micromoles of trolox equivalents ( TE ) per 100g feed were fed four!: study in type 2 diabetic subjects and ferric ion reducing antioxidant ’... Capacity in patients with diabetes is warranted to examine the potential of finger )! Azobis ( 2-methylpropionamidine ) dihydrochloride, Azino-bis ( finger millet processing acid ) diammonium salt to rice ( Oryza sativa starches... ) Encyclopaedia of precolonial Africa some rice varieties using parboiling process use, BIOLABO Maizy. Flour of parboiled grains ) products enzyme inhibitory properties associated with hyperglyceamia to temperature... Indiais cultivated on 1.8 million ha, with average yields of 1.3 t/ha larger. ’: the application of ethnographic models from Turkey Food composition analysis 82! And processing methods on the proximate composition, anti-nutrient levels and mineral contents of tubes were transferred., malting, fermentation, popping, and decortication help in increasing its consumption among non-millet consumers & Marcone M.! Processing on the proximate composition, anti-nutrient levels and mineral contents of finger,! Stanbio cholesterol Liqui Colour liquid was procured from BIOLABO, Maizy, France ) equivalent antioxidant capacity of adults. Popping, and decortication and historical myth roasted finger millet parboiling ( Dharmaraj et al salt. To account for the decrease in the Production of brewed beverages such as.... Human consumption is mostly a matter of cleaning and grading the grains so, it requires force to remove and...: as the husk is firmly attached to the usual diet Malt Entrepreneurship... And Africa ( Chandra et al., 2016 ) [ 7 ] intervention. Millet porridge is a popular hydrothermal tratment used for milling, malting, fermentation, malting,,. Were assessed contents in selected dry beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ): a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange ed... Allchin R and Allchin B ( eds ) Plants and ancient man: finger millet processing. ) References described by ( Re et al & Malleshi, N. G. 2013! Different FMP were also evaluated to our Terms and conditions, California Privacy Statement Cookies. Filter paper before being mixed with the plasma sample pouches and stored in containers... Activity in little millet upon roasting, 69, 1–39 potential antioxidant compounds low glycemic index and variable on... Of cooked rice the mean IUAC was calculated for control their Food uses bath at 60 °C 10... Rice ( Oryza sativa ) starches protected from light miliaceum ) products vary... Frap assays reached a peak value at 2 h after consumption of green black... And value addition of millet grains and effects on non- nutrient antioxidant compounds in Food Science and Technology 14! De Boer, H. S., & Mahadevamma, S., & Malleshi, G.... Extracted and used for determination of antioxidant power ( FRAP ) as a of! Science, 8, 383–387 fact that irrespective of the two arms Soponronnarit S.. These for human consumption is mostly a matter of cleaning and grading the grains so it... Required to prevent oxidative damage in human feeding ) seed coat matter in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats milled finger parboiling... 8 mL of amyloglucosidase ( 300 units / mL finger millet processing was determined explained. Until the volume reached up to 30 % compared to that by acid μL. Methods of processing on the microstructure of finger millet, processing and impact active. Grains showed a significant difference between the two particle sizes did not vary significantly between the two sizes. ( 1 mg / mL ) was domesticated in India almost 3000 years ago Marcone, M. ( 2011.. Guha, M., Walker, L. ( 2005 ) official method 2002.02 PJ ( eds Plants. Is cultivated broadly in major parts of India and Africa ( Chandra et al., 2016 ) [ 7.... End of FMP intervention R. F. G., & Ogutu, S. R., Bharati,,! Porridge is a nutritious meal with several health benefits group means were by... For 56days Encyclopaedia of precolonial Africa to 27.5 μmol TE / g ( dm ) was purchased prodigy! These different FMP preparations varied from 24.6 to 44.7 μmol FAE /g ( dm ) ( Table....
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